progressive era literature

Muckrakers were needed in American Society because they would expose big industries, such as the meat packaging industry. Enrollment for children (age 5 to 19) in school rose from 51 percent to 59 between 1900 and 1909. [129] So, frequently women expressed passionless emotions towards love as a way to establish status among men in the middle class. Judson A. Grenier, "Muckraking the muckrakers: Upton Sinclair and his peers." 9 Cecilia Tichi reads art and literature in the Progressive Era, even that which ostensibly attacked industrial society, as examples of "the covert assimilation of machine values" (31). Get started for FREE Continue. By 1905, the law was clearly a failure. The middle class lived in leafy neighborhoods in the city and took the trolley to work in downtown offices. Progressive Era Reforms and Anti Trust. La Follette won 17% of the popular vote and carried only his home state in the face of a Republican landslide. [99] The League sent questionnaires to prospective candidates to the state legislature to obtain their stance on direct legislation and to make those positions public. How can anyone be against the Pure Food and Drug Act? Many newspapers reprinted attacks from a flagship Democratic newspaper, The New York World, which made this trust a special target. While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups, there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. He promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak. The Progressive Era was one of general prosperity after the Panic of 1893a severe depressionended in 1897. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. Rate this book. [1][2] Progressives sought to address the problems caused by rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption; and by the enormous concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. [34] Additionally, the middle class (most notably women) began to move away from prior Victorian era domestic values. [193] In addition, rural Protestants distrusted the urban Catholic and Jewish immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and on those grounds opposed immigration. In practice this meant that if someone was not a white, middle-class protestant they were biologically inferior and needed to be rooted out via "survival of the fittest" (misconstrued) ideology. [200], Foreign policy in the progressive era was often marked by a tone of moral supremacy. Economy and budget cutting was their formula. [280], By 1930, a block of progressive Republicans in the Senate were urging Hoover to take more vigorous action to fight the depression. [197] These programs often operated through the public school system, which expanded dramatically. "[147], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. La Follette forfeited his stature as a national leader of progressive Republicans, while remaining a power in Wisconsin. Since poverty, mental illness, and different racial and ethnic backgrounds were considered biologically undesirable traits, the process of sterilization was used as an unethical means to "cleanse" humanity of biological weaknesses. [133], Across the South, black communities developed their own Progressive reform projects. He tried, without success, to lower the high protective tariff in Washington. Paul's members chained themselves to the White House fence to get arrested, then went on hunger strikes to gain publicity. A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. With the support of the Socialist Party, farmer's groups, labor unions, and others, La Follette was strong in Wisconsin, and to a much lesser extent in the West. The ideology of the Commission was characterized by that of the Progressive Era, which strived against prostitution, alcoholism, social diseases, and poor sanitary conditions in major cities. These two assumptions were not shared by political conservatives, who tended to believe that human nature was unchanging, and that the federal government should remain limited in size and scope. [56], Upton Sinclair was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. It then flooded the state with letters seeking new members, money, and endorsements from organizations like the State Federation of Labor. The Progressive Era | Key Facts | Britannica [43] He had four major domestic priorities: the conservation of natural resources, banking reform, tariff reduction, and opening access to raw materials by breaking up Western mining trusts. "[146] Progressive whites found a "loophole" to the 15th Amendment's prohibition of denying one the right to vote due to race through the grandfather clause. Two important groups were formed during this period. The Progressive political crusades were overshadowed in 1919 by violent confrontations with Bolsheviks (Communists), anarchists and violent strikes. The Progressive Era was a time of great change and unrest. 187220, William H. Harbaugh, "Roosevelt, Theodore (27 October 1858 06 January 1919)", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShesol2010 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoemaker2004 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHenretta2006 (, James A. Henretta, "Charles Evans Hughes and the strange death of liberal America.". "[175], Rural schools were often poorly funded, one room operations. [257] A strong anti-war movement headed by noted Progressives including Jane Addams, was suppressed by the Preparedness Movement and Wilson's 1916 re-election, a victory largely enabled by his campaign slogan, "He kept us out of the war. This era had a. By 1897 in 11 Southern and border states the Democratic party held primaries to select candidates. The 1900's Dubbed a "Progressive Era" by many historians, the period between 1895 and the start of WWI (1917) was a time of significant technological and cultural advance in America. [146] Actions such as these from whites of the Progressive Era are some of the many that tied into the Progressive goal, as historian Michael McGerr states, "to segregate society. Score 1. ", Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 19061940." Drinking itself was never prohibited. As presidential candidate in 1916 he lost after alienating the California progressives. [24][25] Scientific management, as promulgated by Frederick Winslow Taylor, became a watchword for industrial efficiency and elimination of waste, with the stopwatch as its symbol. [141] The Progressive ideology espoused by many of the era attempted to correct societal problems created by racial integration following the Civil War by segregating the races and allowing each group to achieve its own potential; most Progressives saw racial integration as a problem to be solved, rather than a goal to be achieved. [225] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. However, as soon as Roosevelt declared his candidacy, most of La Follette's supporters switched away. Federal immigration policies in the Progressive Era, including the, In line with their view of human nature as capable of being engineered and manipulated, many Progressive reformers advocated selective breeding, or. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. Outside of government, Jane Addams, Grace Abbott, Edith Abbott, and Sophonisba Breckinridge were influential reformers. Enrollment in public secondary school went from 519,000 to 841,000. Relevant Search Results in OneSearch American literature -- 19th century -- History and criticism. Updates? Donning the mantle of motherhood, female activists methodically investigated their community's needs and used their "maternal" expertise to lobby, create, and secure a place for themselves in an emerging state welfare bureaucracy, best illustrated perhaps by clubwoman Julia Lathrop's leadership in the Children's Bureau. Gilded Age Progressive Era Books - Goodreads [161] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. The states were at liberty to enforce prohibition or not, and most did not try. "[279] International influences that sparked many reform ideas likewise continued into the 1920s, as American ideas of modernity began to influence Europe. [77], By 1890 the states had adopted the secret ballot for elections. They were alarmed by the spread of slums, poverty, and what they perceived as the exploitation of labor. Ohio took the lead in municipal reform. [102] The South was targeted in the 1920s and 1930s by the Julius Rosenwald Fund, which contributed matching funds to local communities for the construction of thousands of schools for African Americans in rural areas throughout the South. [255] In 1919, Theodore Roosevelt died and Wilson's health collapsed, leaving a void in top leadership. The Roosevelt in approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. The social hygiene movement brought together different groups that were concerned with venereal disease, prostitution, society's moral standards, and family life. How did they force people (at gun point?? Direct link to Kim Kutz Elliott's post Not necessarily! La Follette won re-election in 1902 and 1904. The leadership of the GOP in Congress moved to the right, as did his protg President William Howard Taft. Certain wealthy men of this stamp, whose conduct should be abhorrent to every man of ordinarily decent conscience, and who commit the hideous wrong of teaching our young men that phenomenal business success must ordinarily be based on dishonesty, have during the last few months made it apparent that they have banded together to work for a reaction. [266][267], What historians have identified as "business progressivism", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[268] reached an apogee in the 1920s. There they would be taught by full-time professional teachers who had graduated from the states' teachers colleges, were certified, and were monitored by the county superintendents. Franklin, D. (1986). U'Ren also helped in the passage of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. [86], The progressive Wisconsin Idea promoted the use of the University of Wisconsin faculty as intellectual resources for state government, and as guides for local government. [250] The Catholics strongly opposed birth control proposals such as eugenics.[251]. Nevertheless statewide progressive movements were organized by Democrats in every Southern state. They experienced their own progressive reforms, typically with the explicit goal of upgrading country life. [3] Spreading the message of reform through mass-circulation newspapers and magazines by "probing the dark corners of American life" were investigative journalists known as muckrakers". According to James Wright, the typical Progressive agenda at the state level included: A reduction of corporate influence, open processes of government and politics, equity entrance in taxation, efficiency in government mental operation, and an expanded, albeit limited, state responsibility to the citizens who are most vulnerable and deprived. As governor of New York he promoted a range of reforms. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this time period. Omissions? Progressive scholars, based at the emerging research universities such as Harvard, Columbia, Johns Hopkins, Chicago, Michigan, Wisconsin, and California, worked to modernize their disciplines. Jensen, Richard. Progressive Era Reading Worksheet Teaching Resources | TPT Roosevelt's rhetoric was characterized by an intense moralism of personal righteousness. Multiple overlapping progressive movements fought perceived social, political and economic ills by advancing democracy, scientific methods, professionalism and efficiency; regulating businesses, protecting the natural environment, and improving working conditions in factories and living conditions of the urban poor. President Theodore Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement, and he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs.

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