evaluating reconstruction quizlet

It gave women the right to vote in the United States. Select all that apply. Moreover, the horrors of the late war were alive in the memories of most Americans and the real or imagined threat of resumed and open hostilities operated with more persuasive force than the best of arguments. Which class in the New South had recovered political power from the carpetbaggers? hbbd``b` $ H0E$ b3!D( ( qX | Jabir ibn Hayyan replaced the.. of a misinformed philosophy with the rigors of objective experimentation. All of the amendments were made to protect former slaves and their rights but on paper they did not have any rights. Despite these violations of both the letter and spirit of his program, the president announced that Reconstruction was complete in December 1865. HUMO@W o%T@EBQ6P}wwIJ/$7~\]1U 7d9c$y_M)8L%D/*rTPg2QL(Ies>U,;1Q8U#91 EbS a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land, formally known as the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, was established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. Conclusion: The Effects of Reconstruction - Course Hero The 10 year period after the Civil War is. 20F_B[G S`F>6~hf( How would you evaluate corruption in the Reconstruction legislatures? Are you sure you want to remove #bookConfirmation# What did the conflict between Johnson and Congress result in? hbbd``b`"|c4`@@Hd100Kg0` If loading fails, click here to try again. But in the end, events overpowered the best thinking on both sides of this divide and the impact of these great victories was left to be felt and interpreted by a new generation of Americans. The amendments created to protect black freedoms seemed like a huge step in the right endstream endobj 119 0 obj <>stream It required a majority of voters in each Confederate state to swear their allegiance to the US before rejoining the Union, It prohibited Confederate officials and military leaders from voting or holding office. This amendment prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (slavery). The Jim Crow era replaced Reconstruction and ushered in a new era of racial segregation, violence, and murder well into the twentieth century. The official era of Reconstruction came to a close with the Compromise of 1877. The reconstruction period had its successes and failures. What are the Constitutional Grounds for impeachment? Established the concepts of birthright citizenship (anyone born within U.S. boundaries or territories subject to the jurisdiction of U.S. law was automatically a U.S. citizen, excluding Indians) and equal protection of the law. The Radical. All the of the African American were expelled in 1868 when whites said that the Constitution gave freedmen the right to vote, but never explicitly said they had the right to run for and hold an office because they were once slaves. HWn}W*(5X,lvLvv}X[ZKq>yFNIQ:UNWOo+S.~/\N($B;f %QI`MVy*|UrS=/4t4_&y^F?7KH84ZxGIUl~&=$wZ]mI_}?cIt4.#9r{s~zn|'nDD DqPz7.|f@(F_k~mz\(J( ,l=70$(yAbs[ki i l}QXvf;;4f74x4B3G3=!7.W X5Xz4]?w/ %Q:!^M_}8z:K H?Ce[U|.CKu@CY) iw#7PY7WP$|WPUqAr5vVK]tok*Dx|MX:-!O Jo#=j8u>rRt\?n! ~.Mgq1JwPD_8 sgA4DY_.kYTP@FuU;zvbEFX=1 S$&5blu1X3=y\W]lh 5f+tY[SU%-6+VZX]r6_>:@ t QYoySE"6=sPoa'&vxgO,q2@pYb: S,d.b9Ij?z/pT0,8[Bx53;IGbxfBQcNx;sLWcw1s}(5_1TJz0O#FNl7DysZjEnjN0_k!d.vT&_AfjwGlEPC|aVK=:+JG}gg] @@ovkV\Uv(%xR\V&%9 cn_n@:/X4m4dIo1i`m[q}+ql4w The Freedmen's Bureau was designed to help blacks and poor whites by providing cloths, food, and education. On September 111, 193919391939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. The next century would see African Americans continuing to fight for the legal rights they had been granted and were rightfully entitled to. from your Reading List will also remove any What did the Black Codes indicate to the North? The war devastated the Southern economy and population, leaving a lot of hard feelings towards the victorious North. 0 What was the purpose of the Black Codes which were enacted in Southern states in 1865 and 1866? Any items you have not completed will be marked incorrect. answer choices True False Question 19 30 seconds Q. Reconstruction Flashcards | Quizlet Reconstruction What were Black Codes, and why were they created? How did Amendments 13, 14, & 15 help African Americans? What was the premise behind the sharecropping model of agriculture? What legal loopholes did Southerners create to resist African American equality? What were the problems faced by the south after the Civil War? What was the purpose of the Freedmens Bureau? Why was the Battle of Midway a turning point in the war in the Pacific? WebStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Freedmen's Bureau, Reconstruction, Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan and more. hVKo@+{l>[" mD1j*E9Uvwf]R0p#\hXbX@" kB" z5:w[*aUwiD2[Av4ft?eSdMN'Vm'yl9/fh-5E"$tXM_=?)[1ZX&/rW-]gK@0Xmzf7+U-"jE1ENM|:2!US.N,'(g({e]a]X`6K(R(:eFF| hwAocF@s00Zm/~;?VJoI(s` }L 6k'pU]sT@VY&Cv; XH8FgCL=rM5Ax6Kv$8u#+8>&`v ? Once you are finished, click the button below. How did the Compromise of 1877 effectively end Reconstruction? How did the stereotype of carpetbaggers compare with the reality? Did Congress do anything about white violence? The Ku Klux Klan was a secretive, racist organization who used violence and fear to intimidate freedmen and whites that supported freedmen. Johnson deliberately removed himself from the decisions involving Reconstruction. white violence, KKK, terrorizing blacks and those who supported them so they wouldn't vote. The process of rebuilding the South after the Civil War. Radical plan wanted to punish the south, while Lincoln and Johnson wanted to reunite the union as quickly as possible. Who were its members? What synonym clue shows up in the next paragraph? Blacks that did not have jobs could be put in jail, and therefore took the first job (even bad jobs) offered to them. The Reconstruction Era was a transformative period in U.S. history that took place during the Civil War era. follow the worksheet and think about how this person would feel about Reconstruction. Howdid the Thirteenth Amendment changethe Constitution? Under the Constitution, the House of Representatives acts as a grand jury in impeachment cases and determines whether there is enough evidence to bring an official to trial. C04I!q^Q);i])G~H.HdRYBBYRi8,i 7P.,NPI The Compromise of 1877 gave the South and its Democratic majority the reigns to carry out social and legal reforms as they saw fit without federal interference or oversight. It required former Confederate states to include a ban on slavery in their state constitutions. The carpetbaggers, so named because of how they travelled light with inexpensive luggage made of fabric, were largely a benign group of Northern Republicans seeking a fresh start in the South (despite Southern Democrats fears to the contrary). Atticus G. Haygood (then President of Emory University), Our Brother in Black: His Freedom and Our Future, 1881, William Robert Houghton, Two Boys in the Civil War and After, An AutobiographyA Southern Colored Woman, Lesson 1: The Battle Over Reconstruction: The Aftermath of War, Lesson 2: The Battle Over Reconstruction: The Politics of Reconstruction, The Battle Over Reconstruction: Southern Recovery. (113M 12-17 Written Guided Reading Assignment, Principles of Microeconomics Group Assignment.docx, Website-Resume-Student-Checklist-2017.pdf, Express v to show or make known a feeling an opinion etc by words looks or, Consistent with the culture of the Employer you will be expected to present a, The turn based rules were as follows 2 Moves and 1 Explore in any combination If, Points 00 40 Points A Choice A B Choice B C Choice C D Choice D Part 11 of 25 40, QUIZ QUES Institutions can be understood as a regular patterns of behaviour that, L2 Molecules of Life interactive notes_2022 (1).docx, Launching_a_Redesign_of_University_Princ.pdf, Question 34 In an address in 1983 President Reagan referred to the Soviet Union, A 22 year old woman comes to her primary care physician because of an 8 week, Basic Statistics and creating the control chart .pdf, Apply the Nursing Care plan on the client described in the Clinical scenario state the Assessment Diagnosis Planning Intervention Rationale Evaluation You are working as a Labor and Delivery Nurse at. Students will be organized into five small groups, each of which will be assigned a document and a set of worksheet questions. Hayes would be president with the understanding that he would deal 'justly' with the south (leave them alone and allow them to restore white supremacy. hb```b``Vd`f``fc@ >3G#C \5lb`(q.UrA) g``0PZTQH1;kz7/2FI1iMF>C20Jin83lFy6W iB5; Did black voting end in 1877 with the end of Reconstruction? Turn in their completed worksheets from Activities 1 and 2 for a grade. Ryan read an exegesis of the cryptic poem because .. What is meant by the term Reconstruction? What tactics were used? Throughout his term, Johnson would try to use his Executive Branch appointments and role as Commander in Chief to try to resist Radical Reconstruction efforts being forwarded by the Republican-controlled Congress. a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction. Presented to the Capitalists and People of the Central and Northern States, by Bannister, Cowan & Company, Group E: Excerpt from Albert T. Morgan, Yazoo, Or, On the Picket Line of Freedom, 1881. Federal troops were removed from the Southern states and the Democratic majority was entrusted to protect and enforce the rights of African Americans. Lincolns view, while prudent, was not extremely popular. While this lesson will not provide answers for all of these questions, the hope is that it will point students in the direction of seeking out such answers with the documents and the interactive provided and formulating their own similar kinds of questions. 124 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0D0942F02A0E3A4583123BBEFA335B80><310633F8B9553C42B3774455F36DF9D6>]/Index[109 24]/Info 108 0 R/Length 78/Prev 144476/Root 110 0 R/Size 133/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Then, for each characteristic of, Reconstruction listed on the chart, check off whether your character would feel positive. Why of why not? In this sense Reconstruction failed not because of President Grant or even because of southern opposition to civil rights, but because an entire nation--North, South, and West--lost the political and moral will to support the cause of equality before the law. %PDF-1.5 % Its members where southern whites that did not agree with the ideas of Reconstruction. More recent interpretations, however, offer a broader timeline for Reconstruction. This represented the reversal of that portion of the Dred Scott decision which ruled that black people were not and could not become citizens of the United States or enjoy any of the privileges and immunities of citizenship. Who became president when Lincoln was assassinated? !~TrFH(n$J*sEsoWg >tNs=agsdZqRikzY9;.k`A5T-*kd>[MQ`&;Q3=z,:\P:GeeeE? Determined to prevent Johnson from interfering with their plan, Radical Republicans pushed through two pieces of legislation in March 1867 intended to severely limit presidential power. These research assistants will evaluate a series of documents (which in this activity will substitute for live interviews) representing a variety of views concerning the direction of Reconstruction policy regarding voting rights and the impact these views had or should have had on the politics of the nation. Booth assassinated President Lincoln on April 14, 1865 during the performance of a play in Washington, D.C.s Fords Theater. They had to have enough money to pay poll tax and had to pass a literacy test. Exclusion of the last group reflected Johnson's hatred of the planter aristocracy rather than some condition that had to do with restoring the former Confederate states. Right now, he is working on the chapter that examines the importance and impact of the Fourteenth Amendment. It was thought the freed slaves would be forced to work. In 1865 President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan of Reconstruction that gave the white South a free hand in regulating the transition from slavery to freedom and offered no role to blacks in the politics of the South. After the impeachment of Andrew Johnson and the ascendancy of Congress in directing Reconstruction policy, the realities of enforcing their well-meaning goals soon dimmed the enthusiasm of many Republicans. A bill was introduced in February 1866 to reauthorize the oneyearold Freedmen's Bureau and allow it to try in military courts persons accused of depriving former slaves of their rights. answer choices Reconstruction Freedman's Bureau Black Codes Jim Crow Laws Question 7 900 seconds Q. The term was used derisively by white Southern Democrats who opposed Reconstruction legislation. [c5vk~a5T?, P[oFVB-"X7/S{+} 2b(RG,}ti\ *SY(u% 9 ;R5p c-Ncc:ey].Ai4d1]'M-azo!/,'Kx5,:aC;C .Qhg During Reconstruction, Johnson did not believe there was anything to be gained by promoting equal rights for African Americans. dkRlbH/Wo/3+Po32dDJAw'sN72G>0,a-X{..\&j;Z0P{~S W]O"Kwrzb\G 7O XctWhpk President Grant undoubtedly played a important role in what was the country's first civil rights movement in some ways, but Reconstruction had its shortcomings. Please visit using a browser with javascript enabled. endstream endobj 113 0 obj <>stream WebList the groups in chronological order that ran and controlled the Reconstruction process in the US Government. What was the purpose behind the Black Codes? Chapter 16 Laws passed by the South during Presidential Reconstruction that regulated the lives of freed slaves. one of the closest races in American history. WebEvaluating Reconstruction from Multiple Perspectives Introduction The 10 year period after the Civil War is known as the Reconstruction Era. His campaign theme was "Let Us Have Peace," and he tried his best to promote sectional and racial harmony throughout the country. CONTEXT: In the imaginary land of Wakanda, established landowners keep their power by maintaining private armies. What were the provisions of the first Reconstruction Act? 'j/%>Rgy|@mePxSNOw5Nu'IbL`hEfYaWk*_p WebWhat is Reconstruction? Question 2 Which of the following best summarizes President Lincolns attitude toward the policies and process of Reconstruction? WebThe Reconstruction period lasted from 1865 to 1877. (southern Democrats). White Violence- southerners could deal better than the north What lesson did the Republicans learn from Grant's slim victory? Blacks were required to either sign labor contracts or face arrest for vagrancy, and they were not allowed to serve on juries or testify in court. These groups will take on the role of special investigative committees reporting to a Congressional committee examining the effects of Reconstruction. They were more familiar with the places where most battles occured. Reconstruction Era National Historic Park in Beaufort, South Carolina defines Reconstruction as having started in 1861 (the beginning of the American Civil War) and lasting until the early twentieth century. Reconstruction plan Flashcards | Quizlet HUj@}WDn! Write a short essay on how social contexts surrounding a person can contribute to his or her upbringing, beliefs and overall quality of life. In this paper we utilize saliency maps to evaluate whether this correlation exists. The vote in the Senate was thirtyfive to nineteen in favor of conviction, one short of the necessary twothirds majority. hZy\L 3!--[D)aC., Evaluating Eph/LWNMK $r3R6W>44w9(Hct:@LN@@4H9O$T,\LuqDk9HMZ] 7l7{7eCUbMWmh"!baox]51Q"EF kRm'C*_@Q$VF*`C{:7v I"q{n]w)cqJ}q*6]d&5PhdSh3_|`k^Mq!U\:fqo,SI0L6-;jTS(WOC6"ZCx+5bo42+Pp;3:=BbXm)]IF Reconstruction The historians aim is to write the first comprehensive history of the period. Farmers would collude to drive up prices of certain crops. It prohibited state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of slavery. In many ways, we continue these struggles in our politics today. View Screenshot 2023-03-01 at 8.13.38 PM.png from SOCIAL STUDIES 58557 at Mt Zion High School. Who was one of the first black representatives in the Georgia Assembly? endstream endobj 117 0 obj <>stream . What was the immediate cause of Johnson's impeachment? Saliency maps reveal directly how much a change in each input pixel would affect reconstruction loss, while each pixel's reconstruction error may be attributed to many input pixels when layers are fully connected. Lincoln: The states should be reintegrated into the Union when ten percent The amendment also denies to anyone who had participated in rebellion against the United States or had given aid and comfort to those in rebellion the right to hold any national or state office, an exclusion intended to undercut Johnson's pardon policy and protect the rights of blacks, particularly those of former slaves and particularly their right to vote. Please wait while the activity loads. Women still could not vote. Historically, scholars have defined Reconstruction as having lasted from 1865 (the end of the American Civil War) until 1877, when a political compromise between the Republican and Democrat parties allowed for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to become President of the United States on the condition that the last remaining federal troops in the South be removed. HUn0+(cj , @X! In some cases these newcomers were motivated by noble sentiment, while others were merely out to seek their fortunes. evaluating reconstruction quizlet first hand documnets or eye witness accounts from this time. If the teachers students have little experience evaluating primary source documents, there are several websites that include activities to help students develop these skills. there was corruption, but no more in the South than the North and no more than usual in the gov't, but Democrats kept this myth alive to keep power. Things began to change socially, politically, and economically. When did reconstruction begin? Reconstruction lasted from the Civil War to 1877. During Civil War they had "rehearsals" for reconstruction in the Union-occupied south. Idea of black people being free began during the Civil War. WebActivity #2: Evaluating ReconstructionThe Fourteenth Amendment Directions: It is the year 1877 and, in the wake of the election of Rutherford B. Hayes, Union troops finally have been How did John Wilkes Booth affect Reconstruction? These conditions made it quite difficult for the Republican Party to get much of a foothold in the South among any except black voters and those who had relocated from the North. How did the WadeDavis Bill deal with the issues of Reconstruction? `a{/uXZO`qf\ v-Nf. WebEvaluating Reconstruction Directions: Watch Crash Course #22 and use your Reconstruction Notes to answer the questions below. Were there any black governors in the South during Reconstruction? The impact of scandal on the national political debate was real. In early 1866, Congressional Republicans, appalled by mass killing of ex-slaves and adoption of restrictive black codes, seized control of Reconstruction from President Johnson. 9RR}yswNQZ8][1FM_+ To reinstate slavery in parts of the United States, To fix damage done to buildings during the war, To rebuild the southern economy and society. The impeachment of Johnson. The new state legislatures adopted socalled black codes to keep the newly freed African Americans, or freedmen, in their place. The objective is to show the students how the combination of facts, opinions, statistics, and pictures can broaden their understanding of a subject. Yes, a few. The Democratic Party was disbanded and replaced with a new, more liberal version of the Republican Party. President Johnson vetoed the Act, but Congress overrode his veto to pass it. Congress enacted its Reconstruction program over Johnson's veto. More punitive actions against the South, Lincoln felt, would only make it harder to heal the divided nation. To provide African Americans access to government services, To desegregate Southern society and institutions, To restrict the freedom of African Americans and ensure their availability as a cheap labor force, To repeal the slave codes that were in place before the war. exodusters- black refugees fleeing north or west from depression and violence. [6O;},DLJ ^;4Orqb.:)O.FXl-%}ZXMHlxixt0CM@)Ymr3xQwv_D&?Qe2}=4#r"A: %QHW)/7+ "IG It helped the Republicans seat more than 2/3 majority in the House and Congress. How did white Southerners view the Freedmen's Bureau? What did Johnson advise the southern states to do about the 14th amendment? ]~ys6i`>lp=xY9'X\eQS%'#H 'Id~ti+i0q>?5 xL*m18&) B:17R#Y#>\ In the South, the failure of Republican state governments to make serious inroads on the politics of the region led to a weakening resolve to protect the civil and political rights of freedmen. For more detailed information on the process of Reconstruction, the teacher is encouraged to visit America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War; for a timeline of major events of Reconstruction during the war itself, of particular use is Freedmen and Southern Society Project: Chronology of Emancipation. Was corruption now any less? still conservative Republicans. Borrowed what they needed on credit from the owner, it was a bad because the farmer always owed more money than they made on the farm, leaving them stuck in this system. Fear of black rule. In May 1865, with Congress out of session, Johnson began to implement his own Reconstruction program. Use the following abbreviations: DO for direct object, PN for predicate nominative, OC for objective complement, IO for indirect object, or PA for predicate adjective. HUO0~_qo'N$bMLBB#%mSIn;6wNO'Hb WebWhat is meant by the term Reconstruction? Atticus G. Haygood (then President of Emory University), Excerpt from a Speech from Richard H. Cain, February 17, 1868 during the South Carolina Constitutional Convention, Excerpt from Senator Carl Schurz of Missouri, Excerpt from a Speech from Richard H. Cain. endstream endobj 110 0 obj <>/Metadata 10 0 R/Outlines 25 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 107 0 R/StructTreeRoot 32 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 111 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 112 0 obj <>stream This meant that the huge majorities Republicans then enjoyed were, so to speak, operating on borrowed time. It gave native born blacks citizenship. WebThe largest weapons factories were located in the South. The teacher may wish to review these documents so as to be able to explain any difficult vocabulary or unfamiliar vernacular. Write the letter of the choice that gives the sentence a meaning that is closest to the original sentence. If you leave this page, your progress will be lost. Amnesty was granted to any southerner who took an oath of allegiance, with the exception of Confederate officials, officers, and wealthy landowners. Which of the following best summarizes President Lincolns attitude toward the policies and process of Reconstruction? WebThe reconstruction approach they preferred was embodied in the WadeDavis bill (July 1864), which called for the establishment of a military government in each state and required at least fifty percent of the eligible voters to swear allegiance to the United States. Much of the South lay in ruins with HUKo0WhUK( Where did most black Americans live in 1900? Both African Americans and whites were part of the carpetbagger migration. endstream endobj 114 0 obj <>stream And Failures Of The Reconstruction Era Who did it benefit? How might a fact like this have affected opinions on questions such as civil rights, government contracts for major infrastructure improvements (such as railroads) and shaped views on questions such as education? Learning Objectives Evaluate the successes and universal male suffrage, y@bi(^k^izu#(fN@)Z4x[wN)Gd\JvWma:M;:*BL5;Sh`2lM^YQ2k(!W7.W)J0>krA"eXk+n R/B.zuu7' ]apJ|_wv^k| +^|B`:H$wlEnT*8@0vX{[rm6FoN,iE?FF/mh@u'Q{$]pJn07a8Y9U-A/, S7GYjkQUKC2"qxLa=23P21 |0Cm)r PS)et%.H e' Grandfather clauses gave citizens the right to vote if their grandfathers had been able to vote in elections prior to Reconstruction. This hostility gathered strength as scandals continued to supply evidence for its justification. It was known as the 10% Plan. Andrew Johnson. The end of the war brought with it much devastation and, of course, those who knew how to turn devastation into opportunity. Economic Growth and Development 18151860, Grant Administration; Reconstruction Ends. Grant won the 1868 presidential election by a landslide in the Electoral College, but only won the popular vote by 300,000 ballots. 35(VgS[Ywhhyy]^TTrni9j8m^!^ H` Why did Republicans retreat from their commitment to black voting and civil rights? Much of the legislation enacted in the name of racial equality was to be undone in the coming years by rulings coming from the Supreme Court (Plessy v. Ferguson, The Civil Rights Cases, etc.) Grant was nearly universally revered by the time of his death in 1885. Split ten former Confederate states (excluding Tennessee) into five military districts to be overseen by the U.S. military and mandated that each state rewrite its state constitution to allow for black male voting rights before readmittance into the Union. Given sentence below refers to a numbered sentence in the passage. >YpVE$r#]Y@ -7}bKfl[83 Over the next two years, partially due to the help of newly enfranchised African American male voters, all ten states complied with the Reconstruction Acts mandates. plan was the easiest on the South? Segregation of both the official and unofficial variety took root. Webshark diving captions; how old is linda olsen global news calgary; commercial property for lease manatee county; woah oh oh oh ohhh song 80s 2. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. corruption did not come to an end. In addition to reviewing the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, each group will be assigned to cover one additional (but short) document and make a presentation to the class summarizing the views presented in it. As a result, these farmers remained in a form of economic bondage, tied to the landowner with no foreseeable way of making enough personal profit to become independent. African Americans began to be elected to federal, state, and local governmental posts. Think about the italicized questions 422 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<265032BD191E80938A6ADD50CB5C2A09><70F37FA8EF8F2147B5D06180275EA241>]/Index[414 23]/Info 413 0 R/Length 60/Prev 68229/Root 415 0 R/Size 437/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream What limited African American freedom during Reconstruction? Who were the Exodusters? Ex. D 7. The four states did not rejoin the Union until 1870. dzB;. #o`9} }#9BNDo9L(]xA g|XW.o&pI.78DBjV]^;. Many Southerners were scared of rebellion. Based on the documents reviewed in this lesson, list some of the leading and competing political interests in the South as Reconstruction was drawing to a close. Johnson pushed for laws limiting the Executive Branchs power to help ensure the policies included in the Radical Reconstruction plan would endure after he left office. The states were put under the control of military commanders until they ratified the Fourteenth Amendment and rebuilt their state governments. _ The passage of the 14th Amendment and Civil Rights legislation were great victories for the advocates of equality under the law.

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